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<title>Radioactive source</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radioactive source</span></span>

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<p>A <b>radioactive source</b> is a known quantity of a <a href="Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a> which emits <a href="Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, typically one or more of the radiation types <a href="Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>, <a href="Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>, <a href="Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particles</a>, and <a href="Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">neutron radiation</a>.

</p><p>Sources can be used for <a href="Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a>, where the radiation performs a significant ionising function on a target material, or as a radiation <a href="Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> source, which is used for the calibration of radiometric process and <a href="Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">radiation protection</a> instrumentation. They are also used for industrial process measurements, such as thickness gauging in the paper and steel industries. Sources can be sealed in a container (highly penetrating radiation) or deposited on a surface (weakly penetrating radiation), or they can be in a fluid.

</p><p>As an irradiation source they are used in medicine for <a href="Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> and in industry for such as <a href="Industrial_radiography" title="Industrial radiography">industrial radiography</a>, <a href="Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">food irradiation</a>, <a href="Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilization</a>, <a href="Vermin" title="Vermin">vermin</a> disinfestation, and <a href="Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">irradiation crosslinking</a> of PVC.

</p><p>Radionuclides are chosen according to the type and character of the radiation they emit, intensity of emission, and the <a href="Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of their decay. Common source radionuclides include <a href="Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">cobalt-60</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-C188_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Iridium-192" title="Iridium-192">iridium-192</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Isoflex_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isoflex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">strontium-90</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> measurement quantity of source <a href="Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">activity</a> is the <a href="Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, though the historical unit <a href="Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Curies</a> is still in partial use, such as in the US, despite their <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a> strongly advising the use of the SI unit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SI unit for health purposes is mandatory in the <a href="EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>.

</p><p>An irradiation source typically lasts for between 5 and 15 years before its activity drops below useful levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However sources with long half-life radionuclides when utilised as calibration sources can be used for much longer.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sealed_sources">Sealed sources</h2></div>

<p>Many radioactive sources are sealed, meaning they are permanently either completely contained in a capsule or firmly bonded solid to a surface. Capsules are usually made of <a href="Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> or another inert <a href="Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of sealed sources removes <i>almost</i> all risk of <a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">dispersion of radioactive material</a> into the environment due to mishandling,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the container is not intended to attenuate radiation, so further shielding is required for radiation protection.<sup id="cite_ref-SealedSources_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SealedSources-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sealed sources are used in almost all applications where the source does not need to be chemically or physically included in a liquid or gas.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categorisation_of_sealed_sources">Categorisation of sealed sources</h3></div>

<p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sealed sources are categorised by the <a href="IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a> according to their activity in relation to a minimum dangerous source (where a dangerous source is one that could cause significant injury to humans). The ratio used is A/D, where A is the activity of the source and D is the minimum dangerous activity.

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<th>Category

</th>

<th>A/D

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<tr>

<td>1

</td>

<td>≥1000

</td></tr>

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<td>2

</td>

<td>10–1000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3

</td>

<td>1–10

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4

</td>

<td>0.01–1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>5

</td>

<td><0.01

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Note that sources with sufficiently low radioactive output (such as those used in <a href="Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detectors</a>) as to not cause harm to humans are not categorised.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calibration_sources">Calibration sources</h2></div>

<p>Calibration sources are used primarily for the calibration of radiometric instrumentation, which is used on process monitoring or in radiological protection.

</p><p>Capsule sources, where the radiation effectively emits from a point, are used for beta, gamma and X-ray instrument calibration. High level sources are normally used in a calibration cell: a room with thick walls to protect the operator and the provision of remote operation of the source exposure.

</p><p>The plate source is in common use for the <a href="Counts_per_minute" title="Counts per minute">calibration</a> of radioactive contamination instruments. This has a known amount of radioactive material fixed to its surface, such as an alpha and/or beta emitter, to allow the calibration of large area radiation detectors used for contamination surveys and personnel monitoring. Such measurements are typically counts per unit time received by the detector, such as <a href="Counts_per_minute" title="Counts per minute">counts per minute</a> or counts per second.

</p><p>Unlike the capsule source, the plate source emitting material must be on the surface to prevent attenuation by a container or self-shielding due to the material itself. This is particularly important with alpha particles which are easily stopped by a small mass. The <a href="Bragg_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bragg curve">Bragg curve</a> shows the attenuation effect in free air.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsealed_sources">Unsealed sources</h2></div>

<p><a href="Unsealed_source_radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsealed source radiotherapy">Unsealed sources</a> are sources that are not in a permanently sealed container, and are used extensively for medical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used when the source needs to be dissolved in a liquid for injection into a patient or ingestion by the patient. Unsealed sources are also used in industry in a similar manner for leak detection as a <a href="Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">Radioactive tracer</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disposal">Disposal</h2></div>

<p>Disposal of expired radioactive sources presents similar challenges to the disposal of other <a href="Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">nuclear waste</a>, although to a lesser degree. Spent low level sources will sometimes be sufficiently inactive that they are suitable for disposal via normal waste disposal methods — usually landfill. Other disposal methods are similar to those for higher-level radioactive waste, using various depths of <a href="Borehole" title="Borehole">borehole</a> depending on the activity of the waste.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A notorious incident of neglect in disposing of a high level source was the <a href="Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">Goiânia accident</a>, which resulted in several fatalities. The <a href="Theft_of_radioactive_material_in_Tammiku" title="Theft of radioactive material in Tammiku">Tammiku radioactive material theft</a> involved the accidental theft of <a href="Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">caesium-137</a> material in <a href="Tammiku%2C_Harju_County" title="Tammiku, Harju County">Tammiku, Estonia</a>, in <a href="1994" title="1994">1994</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Common_beta_emitters" title="Common beta emitters">Common beta emitters</a></li>

<li><a href="Commonly_used_gamma-emitting_isotopes" title="Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes">Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes</a></li>

<li><a href="Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">Neutron source</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordion.com/gamma-technologies/markets/c-188/">"C-188 Cobalt-60 Source"</a>. Nordion Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1578_web-57265295.pdf"><i>Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources : International basic safety standards</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 2014. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-0-135310-8</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1020-525X">1020-525X</a>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Radiation_(physics_and_health)439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> (physics and health)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Non-ionizing_radiation" title="Non-ionizing radiation">Non-ionizing radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acoustic_radiation_force" title="Acoustic radiation force">Acoustic radiation force</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li>

<li><a href="Light" title="Light">Light</a></li>

<li><a href="Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a></li>

<li><a href="Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">Cluster decay</a></li>

<li><a href="Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">Background radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">Alpha particle</a></li>

<li><a href="Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">Beta particle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Neutron radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapons</a></li>

<li><a href="Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerators</a></li>

<li><a href="Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radioactive materials</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Earth's_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">Black-body radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">Particle radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational radiation">Gravitational radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_background_radiation" title="Cosmic background radiation">Cosmic background radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Askaryan_radiation" title="Askaryan radiation">Askaryan radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li>

<li><a href="Unruh_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unruh radiation">Unruh radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_exposure" title="Radiation exposure">Radiation exposure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation <br>and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Radiation syndrome

<ul><li><a href="Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronic_radiation_syndrome" title="Chronic radiation syndrome">chronic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">Dosimetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_safety" title="Laser safety">Laser safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Lasers_and_aviation_safety" title="Lasers and aviation safety">Lasers and aviation safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical radiography">Medical radiography</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">Radiation damage</a></li>

<li><a href="Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences" title="Radioactivity in the life sciences">Radioactivity in the life sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sievert" title="Sievert">Biological dose units and quantities</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Radiation heat-transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_energy_transfer" title="Linear energy transfer">Linear energy transfer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents" title="List of civilian radiation accidents">List of civilian radiation accidents</a></li>

<li><a href="1996_San_Juan_de_Dios_radiotherapy_accident" title="1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident">1996 Costa Rica accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">1987 Goiânia accident</a></li>

<li><a href="1984_Moroccan_radiation_accident" title="1984 Moroccan radiation accident">1984 Moroccan accident</a></li>

<li><a href="1990_Clinic_of_Zaragoza_radiotherapy_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident">1990 Zaragoza accident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">Radiation hardening</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radiation_protection582" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Radiation_protection582" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">Background radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">Dosimetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_dosimetry" title="Internal dosimetry">Internal dosimetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement <br>quantities and units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absorbed_dose" title="Absorbed dose">Absorbed dose</a></li>

<li><a href="Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Becquerel</a></li>

<li><a href="Committed_dose" title="Committed dose">Committed dose</a></li>

<li><a href="Computed_tomography_dose_index" title="Computed tomography dose index">Computed tomography dose index</a></li>

<li><a href="Counts_per_minute" title="Counts per minute">Counts per minute</a></li>

<li><a href="Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">Effective dose</a></li>

<li><a href="Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">Equivalent dose</a></li>

<li><a href="Mean_glandular_dose" title="Mean glandular dose">Mean glandular dose</a></li>

<li><a href="Monitor_unit" title="Monitor unit">Monitor unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">Roentgen</a></li>

<li><a href="Sievert" title="Sievert">Sievert</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments and <br>measurement techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airborne_particulate_radioactivity_monitoring" title="Airborne particulate radioactivity monitoring">Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Dosimeter" title="Dosimeter">Dosimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ion_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion chamber">Ion chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Scintillation_counter" title="Scintillation counter">Scintillation counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Proportional_counter" title="Proportional counter">Proportional counter</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Radiation_monitoring" title="Radiation monitoring">Radiation monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_detector" title="Semiconductor detector">Semiconductor detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_meter" title="Survey meter">Survey meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Whole-body_counting" title="Whole-body counting">Whole-body counting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lead_shielding" title="Lead shielding">Lead shielding</a></li>

<li><a href="Glovebox" title="Glovebox">Glovebox</a></li>

<li><a href="Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">Potassium iodide</a></li>

<li><a href="Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Respirators" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirators">Respirators</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Scientific_Committee_on_the_Effects_of_Atomic_Radiation" title="United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation">UNSCEAR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Radiation_Protection_Convention%2C_1960" title="Radiation Protection Convention, 1960">Radiation Protection Convention, 1960</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Acute radiation syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Radioactive_source&oldid=1301936032">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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